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Background and Objectives: Emerging data suggest an association between low serum concentrations of 25(OH)D and central obesity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of daily intake of vitamin D-fortified yogurt drink (doogh) on central obesity indicators in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the possible modulation of this effect by vitamin D receptor (VDR)-Cdx-2 genotypes.

Materials and Methods: Sixty T2D subjects were randomly allocated into two groups to receive either plain doogh (PD; n=29, containing 170 mg calcium and no vitamin D/250 mL) or vitamin D3-fortified doogh (FD; n=31, containing 500 IU/250 mL) twice a day for 12 weeks. 25(OH)D, glycemic and adiposity indicators were evaluated before and after the intervention. VDR genotypes in the extended number of T2D subjects were determined in the FD group (n=60).

Results: After 12 weeks, in the FD compared to the PD group, serum 25(OH)D increased (+35.4 nmol/L vs. -4.8 nmol/L, p<0.001) and mean changes of waist circumference (WC; -1.3 vs. +1.6 cm, p=0.02), body fat mass (FM; -5.1 vs. +0.60 %, p<0.001), truncal fat (TF; -1.1 vs. 0.13%, p=0.003) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT; -0.80 vs. +0.37 a.u., p<0.001) decreased significantly. Circulating 25(OH)D was raised only in AA group (34.8 nmo/L in the AA group vs. -6.4nmol/L in the AG and -1.6nmol/L in the GG groups, p<0.001). This difference was accompanied by a significant decrease in the changes of WC (p=0.004), FM% (p<0.001) and TF% (p<0.001) in AA genotype.

Conclusions: Daily intake of 1000 vitamin D-fortified doogh for 12 weeks improved the central obesity indices in the T2D subjects, and the improvement was more pronounced in the carriers of the AA genotype of VDR-Cdx-2.

Keywords: Vitamin D, Adiposity, Fat mass, Visceral fat, Type 2 diabetes

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Background and Objectives: Diabetes disease can have destructive effects on different organs such as the liver. At this situation, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase increase in the blood. This study aimed to review the effect of aloe vera with swimming training on alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels  of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.

Materials and Methods: 84 rats divided into seven groups; -week healthy control, fourth-week healthy control, first-week diabetic control, fourth-week diabetic control, Aloe Vera extract, swimming training, and swimming training with Aloe Vera extract. The training program included 30 minutes of swimming, three times per week, for 4 weeks. At the end, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels were measured by gathering blood samples from the heart. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests were used for statistical analysis of data (α = 0.05).

Results: The results showed that induction of diabetes significantly increases alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (p= 0.001) Also swimming training and Aloe Vera consumption for four weeks have significant effect on reduction of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (p= 0.001), whereas the four-week swimming training together with Aloe Vera consumption has more effect on the reduction of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (p=0.001).

Conclusion: It can be concluded that although swimming training and Aloe Vera consumption separately have lowering effect on alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, but swimming training together with Aloe Vera consumption has more effect on the reduction of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase.

Keywords: Swimming training, Diabetes, Aloe Vera, Rats, Alanine aminotransferase, Aspartate aminotransferase

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Background and Objectives: Ketchup sauce is a popular product and it seems necessary to improve its nutritional value by decreasing the sugar contained in it. This research studies the different  portions of Stevia & Maltitol as sugar alternatives to be used in Ketchup sauce formulation.
Materials and Methods: This research investigates the impact of using Stevia & Maltitol as sugar alternatives on the physical , chemical, rheological & sensory properties of Ketchup sauce  samples with the substitution ratio of 50, 75 and 100%.
Results: The statistical analysis revealed that augmentation of sugar substitution results in the significant reduction of total sugar and brix (p<0.05). Synersis and pH samples revealed no significant difference (p>0.05). With the increasing of sugar substitution ratio, the amount of ash increased and the dry matter decreased (p<0.05). The results of color evaluation proved that with the Maltitol ratio higher than that of Stevia, the color quality showed an improvement and was closer in quality to the control sample, which contained sugar. No significant difference was revealed in the sensory characteristics resulted from most of these factors (p>0.05). The viscoelastic testing revealed viscoelastic solidity behavior in the samples. The flow measurements proved that the samples had pseudoplastic behavior and yield stress. When Maltitol was higher in ratio compared with Stevia, the rheological characteristics were closer to those of the control sample, which contained sugar.
Conclusion: The study results revealed that sugar substitution for 75% with the Stevia-Maltitol ratio of 25% to 50% retains the propr quality of ketchup sauce. 

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Background and Objectives: Gestational diabetes is one of the most common diseases in pregnancy with transient effects on fetuses and mothers. The aim of this study was to assess effects of aerobic training and dietary approaches to stop hypertension diets on insulin response and resistance in women with gestational diabetes.
 Materials & Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 30 obese women with gestational diabetes at 24–28 weeks of gestation with an age range of 30–40 years were selected using random sampling and randomly grouped into three ten-sample groups of dietary approaches to stop hypertension diets, aerobic training, and dietary approaches to stop hypertension diets and aerobic training. In aerobic training group, the eight-week training protocol started at 30% of the stored heart rate for 30 min and finished at 70% of the heart rate for 45 min. For macronutrients, dietary approaches to stop hypertension diets were similar to normal diets but rich in fruits (4–6) unit, vegetables (3–6) unit, whole grains (6–13) unit, low-fat dairy products (2–4) unit and (1) unit of nuts, fats and oils (2–3) unit as well as meats, poultries and fishes (2) unit and contained small quantities of saturated fats with 2400 mg of sodium per day. Blood sampling was carried out to assess biochemical variables after 12 h of fasting at the beginning and end of eight weeks. Fasting blood sugar, 2-h blood sugar and insulin were assessed in fasting blood samples. Data were analyzed using Shapirville test, Leven test, correlated T,  analysis of variance and Bonferroni. Significance levels were reported for the statistical methods when p < 0.05.
Results: Results showed that eight weeks of aerobic training with dietary approaches to stop hypertension  diets decreased fasting blood sugar levels (p = 0.001), 2-h blood sugar (p = 0.001) and insulin resistance (p = 0.02) and increased insulin levels (p = 0.002) in women with gestational diabetes (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that aerobic training in combination with dietary approaches to stop hypertension diets is effective in improving blood sugar control and blood insulin levels in women with gestational diabetes.

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Background and Objectives: Diabetes is one of the most common endocrine disorders worldwide. Rubus anatolicus is rich in polyphenolic compounds that can protect individual from various chronic diseases such as diabetes. This study was carried out to investigate effects of hydroalcoholic extract of raspberry fruit Rubus anatolicus (focke) on blood glucose levels, lipid profiles and oxidative stress markers in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
 Materials & Methods: In this study, 32 male Wistar rats weighing 150–200 g were used. Diabetes was induced in rats using streptozotocin and diabetic animals were then treated with raspberry fruit hydroalcoholic extract for 14 days. Rats were anesthetized using xylazine and ketamine mixture and sacrificed. Then, whole blood samples were collected from the animal hearts to assess their serum glucose levels, lipid profiles and oxidative markers. The p-value < 0.05was considered as significant.
Results: Results of the present study showed that raspberry fruit extracts significantly decreased serum glucose levels, triglycerides, cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins and malondialdehyde levels in diabetic rats, compared to the diabetic control rats (p < 0.05). Moreover, serum low-density lipoproteins level, total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase activity significantly increased in diabetic rats, compared to diabetic control rats (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: ‌The present study showed that fruit extract raspberry included good effects ‌on blood glucose levels, lipid profiles and oxidative stress conditions ‌in diabetic rats.