[Home ] [Archive]   [ فارسی ]  
:: Main :: About :: Current Issue :: Archive :: Search :: Submit :: Contact ::
this is a test
Main Menu
Home::
Journal Information::
Articles archive::
For Authors::
Subscription::
Contact us::
Site Facilities::
Webmail::
Ethical Consideration::
::
Search in website

Advanced Search
..
Receive site information
Enter your Email in the following box to receive the site news and information.
..
:: Volume 20, Issue 1 (Spring 2025) ::
Iranian J Nutr Sci Food Technol 2025, 20(1): 73-80 Back to browse issues page
Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Aflatoxin B1 in Homemade Roasted Sunflower Seeds
A Bakhtiyari , G Jahed Khaniki , E Molaee-aghaee , N Shariatifar , P Shavali-gilani , N Akbari , B Akbari-Adergani , N Yazdanfar , P Sadighara *
Tehran University of Medical Sciences , parisasss@yahoo.com
Abstract:   (576 Views)
Background and Objectives: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aflatoxin B1 are addressed as one of the most common food contaminants. Roasted sunflower seeds as traditional snacks include high acceptance and consumption in Iran, which is likely to receive the contaminants from the environment and during the roasting process. The aim of this study was to identify and assess polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aflatoxin B1 in the skin and core of home-produced roasted sunflower seeds.
Materials and methods: Soxhlet method was used to extract polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The solution extracted from the sample was injected into a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer and the content of these components were assessed using calibration curve. Aflatoxin B1 of the sample was assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography and immunoaffinity columns.
Results: From the 16 types of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, acenaphthene was detected in the present sample and its quantity was assessed in the seed shells and kernels as 0.4 ppm ±0.4 and 1.1 ppm ±2.4, respectively. Moreover, 11% of the kernel samples and 46% of the shell samples were positive for the mycotoxin.
Conclusion: Since carcinogenicity of acenaphthene has not been verified for humans and the level of aflatoxin B1 in all samples was lower than the permissible limits, it can be concluded that this product does not pose a serious risk to the consumers for these two contaminants.

Keywords: Environmental contaminants, Roasted sunflower seeds, Gas chromatography, Liquid chromatography, Snaftan, Aflatoxin B1
Full-Text [PDF 457 kb]   (155 Downloads)    
Article type: Research | Subject: Food Science
Received: 2024/08/22 | Accepted: 2024/12/2 | Published: 2025/04/20
پیوست [PDF 503 KB]  (25 Download)
References
1. Lederer M. Analytical chemistry of polycyclic aromatic compounds: by ML Lee, MV Novotny and KD Bartle, Academic Press, New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, San Francisco, 1981, XII+ 462 pp., price US $60.00, ISBN 0-12-440840-0. Elsevier; 1981.
2. Moreda W, Pérez-Camino MdC, Cert A. Gas and liquid chromatography of hydrocarbons in edible vegetable oils. Journal of chromatography A. 2001;936(1-2):159-71. [DOI:10.1016/S0021-9673(01)01222-5]
3. Yancheshmeh RA, Bakhtiari AR, Mortazavi S. Ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic compounds in the surface sediments of Anzali Wetland in 2010. 2014.
4. Keyte IJ, Harrison RM, Lammel G. Chemical reactivity and long-range transport potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-a review. Chemical Society Reviews. 2013;42(24):9333-91. [DOI:10.1039/c3cs60147a]
5. McGuire S. Centers for disease control and prevention. 2013. strategies to prevent obesity and other chronic diseases: the CDC guide to strategies to support breastfeeding mothers and babies. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, 2013. Advances in Nutrition. 2014;5(3):291-2. [DOI:10.3945/an.114.005900]
6. Ewa B, Danuta M-Š. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and PAH-related DNA adducts. Journal of applied genetics. 2017;58:321-30. [DOI:10.1007/s13353-016-0380-3]
7. Rengarajan T, Rajendran P, Nandakumar N, Lokeshkumar B, Rajendran P, Nishigaki I. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with special focus on cancer. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2015;5(3):182-9. [DOI:10.1016/S2221-1691(15)30003-4]
8. Akbari-Adergani B, Mahmood-Babooi K, Salehi A, Khaniki GJ, Shariatifar N, Sadighara P, et al. GC-MS determination of the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bread and potato Tahdig prepared with the common edible oil. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2021;193:1-8. [DOI:10.1007/s10661-021-09347-w]
9. Wenzl T, Simon R, Anklam E, Kleiner J. Analytical methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in food and the environment needed for new food legislation in the European :union:. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 2006;25(7):716-25. [DOI:10.1016/j.trac.2006.05.010]
10. Lee J, Jeong J-H, Park S, Lee K-G. Monitoring and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in processed foods and their raw materials. Food Control. 2018;92:286-92. [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.05.012]
11. Moazzen M, Ahmadkhaniha R, Gorji MEh, Yunesian M, Rastkari N. Magnetic solid-phase extraction based on magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in grilled meat samples. Talanta. 2013;115:957-65. [DOI:10.1016/j.talanta.2013.07.005]
12. ATSDR. Toxicology profile for polyaromatic hydrocarbons. CRC Press Boca Raton City, FL; 2005.
13. Rabieimesbah A, Sobhanardakani S, Mehrdad Cheraghi BL. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soil of agricultural lands in Hamedan, Iran. 2022.
14. Manaffar R, Sehatnia B, Sabzi R, Ehsani A. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water using an electrochemical DNA biosensor. 2015.
15. Sadighara P, Ghanati K. The aflatoxin B1 content of peanut-based foods in Iran: a systematic review. Reviews on Environmental Health. 2022;37(1):29-33. [DOI:10.1515/reveh-2021-0065]
16. FDA. Seeds, sunflower seed kernels, dried: Food and Drug Administration; 2019 [Available from: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/170562/nutrients.
17. healthline. Are Sunflower Seeds Good for You? Nutrition, Benefits and More 2023 [Available from: https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/sunflower-seeds#what-they-are.
18. Guo S, Na Jom K, Ge Y. Influence of roasting condition on flavor profile of sunflower seeds: A flavoromics approach. Scientific Reports. 2019;9(1):11295. [DOI:10.1038/s41598-019-47811-3]
19. Mariod AA, Idris YMA. Aflatoxin B1 levels in groundnut and sunflower oils in different Sudanese states. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B. 2015;8(4):266-70. [DOI:10.1080/19393210.2015.1082511]
20. Koina IM, Sarigiannis Y, Hapeshi E. Green Extraction Techniques for the Determination of Active Ingredients in Tea: Current State, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Separations. 2023;10(2):121. [DOI:10.3390/separations10020121]
21. Okoronkwo N, Ajuonuma D. Evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons levels in roasted food samples. Acad J Sci. 2014;3(1):1-8.
22. Singh L, Varshney JG, Agarwal T. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons' formation and occurrence in processed food. Food chemistry. 2016;199:768-81. [DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.12.074]
23. Singh L, Agarwal T, Simal-Gandara J. PAHs, diet and cancer prevention: Cooking process driven-strategies. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2020;99:487-506. [DOI:10.1016/j.tifs.2020.03.030]
24. Nie W, Cai K, Li Y, Tu Z, Hu B, Zhou C, et al. Study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons generated from fatty acids by a model system. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2019;99(7):3548-54. [DOI:10.1002/jsfa.9575]
25. IARC. List of Classifications: International Agency for Research on Cancer; [Available from: https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications/.
26. USEPA. Acenaphthene: United States Environmental Protection Agency; [Available from: https://archive.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/wastemin/web/pdf/acnphthe.pdf.
27. USEPA. Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values for
28. Acenaphthene: United States Environmental Protection Agency; 2011 [Available from: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/pprtv/documents/Acenaphthene.pdf.
29. Shavali-Gilani P, Yazdanfar N, Jahed-Khaniki G, Molaee-Aghaee E, Sadighara P. The effect of flavorings on PAHs level in the roasted sunflower seeds. Scientific Reports. 2023;13(1):17508. [DOI:10.1038/s41598-023-44994-8]
30. Akbari-adergani B, Khaki T, Jahed G, Ahmadkhaniha R, Rezapour S, Sadighara P. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in shell and kernel of roasted sunflower seeds. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2017;9(6):994.
31. Öz E, Ekiz E, Savaş A, Aoudeh E, El-Aty AA, Öz F. Impact of roasting level on fatty acid composition, oil and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contents of various dried nuts. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry. 2021;45(2):213-21. [DOI:10.3906/tar-2006-43]
32. Mmongoyo JA, Wu F, Linz JE, Nair MG, Mugula JK, Tempelman RJ, et al. Aflatoxin levels in sunflower seeds and cakes collected from micro-and small-scale sunflower oil processors in Tanzania. PloS one. 2017;12(4):e0175801. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0175801]
33. Beheshti HR, Asadi M. Aflatoxins in sunflower and safflower seeds from Iran. Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B. 2013;6(1):68-71. [DOI:10.1080/19393210.2012.725227]
Send email to the article author

Add your comments about this article
Your username or Email:

CAPTCHA



XML   Persian Abstract   Print


Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

Bakhtiyari A, Jahed Khaniki G, Molaee-aghaee E, Shariatifar N, Shavali-gilani P, Akbari N, et al . Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Aflatoxin B1 in Homemade Roasted Sunflower Seeds. Iranian J Nutr Sci Food Technol 2025; 20 (1) :73-80
URL: http://nsft.sbmu.ac.ir/article-1-3905-en.html


Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Volume 20, Issue 1 (Spring 2025) Back to browse issues page
Iranian Journal of  Nutrition Sciences and Food  Technology
Persian site map - English site map - Created in 0.05 seconds with 37 queries by YEKTAWEB 4713