[Home ] [Archive]   [ فارسی ]  
:: Main :: About :: Current Issue :: Archive :: Search :: Submit :: Contact ::
Main Menu
Home::
Journal Information::
Articles archive::
For Authors::
Subscription::
Contact us::
Site Facilities::
Webmail::
Ethical Consideration::
::
Search in website

Advanced Search
..
Receive site information
Enter your Email in the following box to receive the site news and information.
..
:: Volume 21, Issue 1 (Spring 2026) ::
Iranian J Nutr Sci Food Technol 2026, 21(1): 1-13 Back to browse issues page
Comparing the Relationship between Dietary Glycemic Index and Load with Aging Gene Expression in Visceral Adipose Tissue of Normal Weight adults and adults with obesity
A Kazemdarashti , G Eslamian * , A Shakery , H Zand , N Tadayon , H Ardehali , S Fazeli Taherian
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , gh_eslamian@yahoo.com
Abstract:   (64 Views)
Background and objectives: High-glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) diets may influence cellular aging through mechanisms such as oxidative stress and inflammation. This study aimed to compare the relationship between dietary GI/GL and the expression of aging-related genes in visceral adipose tissue among normal-weight adults and adults with severe obesity.
Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted in individuals aged 20 to 45 years, including 50 adults with morbid obesity (BMI≥40 kg/m²) and 50 normal-weight individuals. Dietary data were collected using a food frequency questionnaire, and GI/GL values were calculated. Visceral adipose tissue samples were obtained during surgery, and the expression of P16, P21, P53, IL-6, and TNF-α genes was assessed using real-time PCR. Statistical analysis was performed using linear regression in SPSS, with a significance level of p<0.05.
Results: The findings showed that the expression of cellular aging-related genes (P16, P21, P53) and inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-α) in visceral adipose tissue was significantly higher in adults with obesity compared to normal-weight individuals (p < 0.001). Additionally, high dietary GI/GL was associated with increased expression of these genes, particularly in the obese group. Linear regression analysis revealed that each unit increase in dietary GI and GL was significantly associated with a decrease in ΔCt values of P16, P21, and IL-6 (p < 0.05), indicating a potentiating effect of severe obesity on the relationship between high-GI/GL diets and cellular aging.
Conclusion: The results suggest that obesity and high-GI/GL dietary patterns synergistically activate aging and inflammatory pathways in visceral adipose tissue. These findings underscore the importance of personalized nutritional interventions to mitigate the metabolic consequences of aging in obese populations and provide a basis for the development of preventive strategies.
Keywords: Glycemic index, Glycemic load, Cellular senescence, Visceral adipose tissue, Gene expression, Inflammation
Full-Text [PDF 976 kb]   (23 Downloads)    
Article type: Research | Subject: nutrition
Received: 2025/05/27 | Accepted: 2025/07/17 | Published: 2026/05/18
References
1. Dominguez LJ, Veronese N, Barbagallo M. Dietary Patterns and Healthy or Unhealthy Aging. Gerontology. 2024;70(1):15-36. [DOI:10.1159/000534679]
2. Moulavi P, Ahmadi A, Masoumi SJ, Zare M, Honardoust M, Ranjbar R. Relationship between TyG-BMI index and glycemic index with diet quality, anthropometric indices, and blood pressure in patients with metabolic syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore). 2025;104(3):e41276. [DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000041276]
3. Wang X, Xu M, Li Y. Adipose Tissue Aging and Metabolic Disorder, and the Impact of Nutritional Interventions. Nutrients. 2022;14(15). [DOI:10.3390/nu14153134]
4. Clemente-Suárez VJ, Redondo-Flórez L, Beltrán-Velasco AI, Martín-Rodríguez A, Martínez-Guardado I, Navarro-Jiménez E, et al. The Role of Adipokines in Health and Disease. Biomedicines. 2023;11(5). [DOI:10.3390/biomedicines11051290]
5. Ottum MS, Mistry AM. Advanced glycation end-products: modifiable environmental factors profoundly mediate insulin resistance. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2015;57(1):1-12. [DOI:10.3164/jcbn.15-3]
6. Maasen K, van Greevenbroek MMJ, Scheijen J, van der Kallen CJH, Stehouwer CDA, Schalkwijk CG. High dietary glycemic load is associated with higher concentrations of urinary advanced glycation endproducts: the Cohort on Diabetes and Atherosclerosis Maastricht (CODAM) Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;110(2):358-66. [DOI:10.1093/ajcn/nqz119]
7. Wu QJ, Zhang TN, Chen HH, Yu XF, Lv JL, Liu YY, et al. The sirtuin family in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022;7(1):402. [DOI:10.1038/s41392-022-01257-8]
8. Serrano-Marco L, Chacón MR, Maymó-Masip E, Barroso E, Salvadó L, Wabitsch M, et al. TNF-α inhibits PPARβ/δ activity and SIRT1 expression through NF-κB in human adipocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012;1821(9):1177-85. [DOI:10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.05.006]
9. Baechle JJ, Chen N, Makhijani P, Winer S, Furman D, Winer DA. Chronic inflammation and the hallmarks of aging. Mol Metab. 2023;74:101755. [DOI:10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101755]
10. Kawai T, Autieri MV, Scalia R. Adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in obesity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2021;320(3):C375-c91. [DOI:10.1152/ajpcell.00379.2020]
11. Anderson C, Milne GL, Park YM, Sandler DP, Nichols HB. Dietary Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Are Positively Associated with Oxidative Stress among Premenopausal Women. J Nutr. 2018;148(1):125-30. [DOI:10.1093/jn/nxx022]
12. Arikawa AY, Jakits HE, Flood A, Thomas W, Gross M, Schmitz KH, et al. Consumption of a high glycemic load but not a high glycemic index diet is marginally associated with oxidative stress in young women. Nutr Res. 2015;35(1):7-13. [DOI:10.1016/j.nutres.2014.10.005]
13. Gregersen S, Samocha-Bonet D, Heilbronn LK, Campbell LV. Inflammatory and oxidative stress responses to high-carbohydrate and high-fat meals in healthy humans. J Nutr Metab. 2012;2012:238056. [DOI:10.1155/2012/238056]
14. Chiu DT, Hamlat EJ, Zhang J, Epel ES, Laraia BA. Essential Nutrients, Added Sugar Intake, and Epigenetic Age in Midlife Black and White Women: NIMHD Social Epigenomics Program. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(7):e2422749. [DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.22749]
15. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Participants. Jama. 2025;333(1):71-4. [DOI:10.1001/jama.2024.21972]
16. Willett W. Nutritional epidemiology: Oxford university press; 2012. [DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199754038.001.0001]
17. Mirmiran P, Esfahani FH, Mehrabi Y, Hedayati M, Azizi F. Reliability and relative validity of an FFQ for nutrients in the Tehran lipid and glucose study. Public Health Nutr. 2010;13(5):654-62. [DOI:10.1017/S1368980009991698]
18. Taleban F, Esmaeili M. Glycemic index of Iranian foods: Guideline for diabetic and hyperlipidemic patients. Tehran: National Nutrition and Food Technology of Iran, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science. 1999;1:1-16.
19. Foster-Powell K, Holt SH, Brand-Miller JC. International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(1):5-56. [DOI:10.1093/ajcn/76.1.5]
20. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2000;894:i-xii, 1-253.
21. Moghaddam MB, Aghdam FB, Jafarabadi MA, Allahverdipour H, Nikookheslat SD, Safarpour S. The Iranian Version of International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) in Iran: content and construct validity, factor structure, internal consistency and stability. World Appl Sci J. 2012;18(8):1073-80.
22. Behtaj D, Ghorbani A, Eslamian G, Malekpour Alamdari N, Abbasi M, Zand H, et al. Ex vivo Anti-Senescence Activity of N-Acetylcysteine in Visceral Adipose Tissue of Obese Volunteers. Obes Facts. 2024;17(4):355-63. [DOI:10.1159/000539255]
23. Masoodian SM, Omidifar A, Moradkhani S, Asiabanha M, Khoshmirsafa M. HOMA-IR mean values in healthy individuals: a population-based study in iranian subjects. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2023;22(1):219-24. [DOI:10.1007/s40200-022-01099-9]
24. Fahim NK, Negida A, Fahim AK. Sample size calculation guide-part 3: how to calculate the sample size for an independent case-control study. Advanced Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2019;3(2):e20-e.
25. Teymoori F, Farhadnejad H, Mirmiran P, Nazarzadeh M, Azizi F. The association between dietary glycemic and insulin indices with incidence of cardiovascular disease: Tehran lipid and glucose study. BMC public health. 2020;20(1):1496. [DOI:10.1186/s12889-020-09586-5]
26. Lee MJ, Kim J. The pathophysiology of visceral adipose tissues in cardiometabolic diseases. Biochemical pharmacology. 2024;222:116116. [DOI:10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116116]
27. Fuster JJ, Ouchi N, Gokce N, Walsh K. Obesity-Induced Changes in Adipose Tissue Microenvironment and Their Impact on Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation research. 2016;118(11):1786-807. [DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306885]
28. Minamino T, Orimo M, Shimizu I, Kunieda T, Yokoyama M, Ito T, et al. A crucial role for adipose tissue p53 in the regulation of insulin resistance. Nature medicine. 2009;15(9):1082-7. [DOI:10.1038/nm.2014]
29. Espinosa De Ycaza AE, Søndergaard E, Morgan‐Bathke M, Carranza Leon BG, Lytle KA, Ramos P, et al. Senescent cells in human adipose tissue: a cross‐sectional study. Obesity. 2021;29(8):1320-7. [DOI:10.1002/oby.23202]
30. Sohouli MH, Eslamian G, Malekpour Alamdari N, Abbasi M, Fazeli Taherian S, Behtaj D, et al. Effects of N-acetylcysteine on aging cell and obesity complications in obese adults: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Frontiers in nutrition. 2023;10:1237869. [DOI:10.3389/fnut.2023.1237869]
31. Villaret A, Galitzky J, Decaunes P, Estève D, Marques MA, Sengenès C, et al. Adipose tissue endothelial cells from obese human subjects: differences among depots in angiogenic, metabolic, and inflammatory gene expression and cellular senescence. Diabetes. 2010;59(11):2755-63. [DOI:10.2337/db10-0398]
32. Tchkonia T, Giorgadze N, Pirtskhalava T, Thomou T, Villaret A, Bouloumie A, et al., editors. Cellular senescence and inflammation in obesity. Obesity; 2009: NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA.
33. Vlachos D, Malisova S, Lindberg FA, Karaniki G. Glycemic Index (GI) or Glycemic Load (GL) and Dietary Interventions for Optimizing Postprandial Hyperglycemia in Patients with T2 Diabetes: A Review. Nutrients. 2020;12(6). [DOI:10.3390/nu12061561]
34. Coate KC, Huggins KW. Consumption of a high glycemic index diet increases abdominal adiposity but does not influence adipose tissue pro-oxidant and antioxidant gene expression in C57BL/6 mice. Nutr Res. 2010;30(2):141-50. [DOI:10.1016/j.nutres.2010.01.003]
35. Clemente-Suárez VJ, Redondo-Flórez L, Beltrán-Velasco AI, Martín-Rodríguez A, Martínez-Guardado I, Navarro-Jiménez E, et al. The role of adipokines in health and disease. Biomedicines. 2023;11(5):1290. [DOI:10.3390/biomedicines11051290]
36. Pawlak DB, Bryson JM, Denyer GS, Brand-Miller JC. High glycemic index starch promotes hypersecretion of insulin and higher body fat in rats without affecting insulin sensitivity. J Nutr. 2001;131(1):99-104. [DOI:10.1093/jn/131.1.99]
37. Elmitwalli O, Darwish R, Al-Jabery L, Algahiny A, Roy S, Butler AE, et al. The emerging role of p21 in diabetes and related metabolic disorders. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024;25(23):13209. [DOI:10.3390/ijms252313209]
38. Pham HL, Van Pham P. High glucose induces early senescence in adipose-derived stem cells by accelerating p16 and mTOR. Biomedical Research and Therapy. 2019;6(6):3213-21. [DOI:10.15419/bmrat.v6i6.548]
39. Wang H, Guo M, Wei H, Chen Y. Targeting p53 pathways: mechanisms, structures, and advances in therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023;8(1):92. [DOI:10.1038/s41392-023-01347-1]
40. Ogawara Y, Kishishita S, Obata T, Isazawa Y, Suzuki T, Tanaka K, et al. Akt Enhances Mdm2-mediated Ubiquitination and Degradation of p53*. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002;277(24):21843-50. [DOI:10.1074/jbc.M109745200]
41. Carneiro BA, El-Deiry WS. Targeting apoptosis in cancer therapy. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology. 2020;17(7):395-417. [DOI:10.1038/s41571-020-0341-y]
42. Schnerch D, Nigg EA. Structural centrosome aberrations favor proliferation by abrogating microtubule-dependent tissue integrity of breast epithelial mammospheres. Oncogene. 2016;35(21):2711-22. [DOI:10.1038/onc.2015.332]
43. Goyal A, Afzal M, Khan NH, Goyal K, Srinivasamurthy SK, Gupta G, et al. Targeting p53-p21 signaling to enhance mesenchymal stem cell regenerative potential. Regenerative Therapy. 2025;29:352-63. [DOI:10.1016/j.reth.2025.03.007]
Send email to the article author

Add your comments about this article
Your username or Email:

CAPTCHA


XML   Persian Abstract   Print


Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

Kazemdarashti A, Eslamian G, Shakery A, Zand H, Tadayon N, Ardehali H et al . Comparing the Relationship between Dietary Glycemic Index and Load with Aging Gene Expression in Visceral Adipose Tissue of Normal Weight adults and adults with obesity. Iranian J Nutr Sci Food Technol 2026; 21 (1) :1-13
URL: http://nsft.sbmu.ac.ir/article-1-4005-en.html


Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Volume 21, Issue 1 (Spring 2026) Back to browse issues page
Iranian Journal of  Nutrition Sciences and Food  Technology
Persian site map - English site map - Created in 0.04 seconds with 35 queries by YEKTAWEB 4741