1. Grantham-McGregor S, Cheung YB, Cueto S, Glewwe P, Richter L, Strupp B, et al. Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. The lancet. 2007;369(9555):60-70. [DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60032-4]

2. Demaio AR, Branca F. Decade of action on nutrition: our window to act on the double burden of malnutrition. BMJ global health. 2018;3(Suppl 1). [DOI:10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000492]

3. Kelishadi R, Azizi-Soleiman F. Controlling childhood obesity: A systematic review on strategies and challenges. Journal of research in medical sciences: the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. 2014;19(10):993.

4. Khateri S, Moradi Y, Khazaei Z, Mirzaei H, Hanis SM, Aliabadi MA, et al. Prevalence of obesity and overweight in Iranian children aged less than 5 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Korean journal of pediatrics. 2019;62(6):206. [DOI:10.3345/kjp.2018.07255]

5. De Onis M, Blossner M, Organization WH. WHO global database on child growth and malnutrition. World Health Organization, 1997.

6. Kelishadi R, Hashemi Pour M, Sarraf‐Zadegan N, Sadry GH, Ansari R, Alikhassy H, et al. Obesity and associated modifiable environmental factors in Iranian adolescents: Isfahan Healthy Heart Program− heart health promotion from childhood. Pediatrics international. 2003;45(4):435-42. [DOI:10.1046/j.1442-200X.2003.01738.x]

7. Kelishadi R, Alikhani S, Delavari A, Alaedini F, Safaie A, Hojatzadeh E. Obesity and associated lifestyle behaviours in Iran: findings from the first national non-communicable disease risk factor surveillance survey. Public health nutrition. 2008;11(3):246-51. [DOI:10.1017/S1368980007000262]

8. Raymond JL, Morrow K. Krause and Mahan's Food and the Nutrition Care Process E-Book: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2020.

9. Cuellar J, Jones DJ, Sterrett E. Examining parenting in the neighborhood context: A review. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2015;24(1):195-219. [DOI:10.1007/s10826-013-9826-y]

10. Faith MS, Scanlon KS, Birch LL, Francis LA, Sherry B. Parent‐child feeding strategies and their relationships to child eating and weight status. Obesity research. 2004;12(11):1711-22. [DOI:10.1038/oby.2004.212]

11. Anzman SL, Rollins BY, Birch LL. Parental influence on children's early eating environments and obesity risk: implications for prevention. International journal of obesity. 2010;34(7):1116-24. [DOI:10.1038/ijo.2010.43]

12. Derks IP, Tiemeier H, Sijbrands EJ, Nicholson JM, Voortman T, Verhulst FC, et al. Testing the direction of effects between child body composition and restrictive feeding practices: results from a population-based cohort. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2017;106(3):783-90. [DOI:10.3945/ajcn.117.156448]

13. Bergmeier H, Skouteris H, Hetherington M. Systematic research review of observational approaches used to evaluate mother-child mealtime interactions during preschool years. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2015;101(1):7-15. [DOI:10.3945/ajcn.114.092114]

14. Minaie M, Mirzaei K, Heshmat R, Movahedi A, Motlagh AD, Parsaeian M, et al. Revising the comprehensive feeding practices questionnaire used in planning preventive overweight, obesity, and underweight programs for 2-5-year-old children. International journal of preventive medicine. 2019;10. [DOI:10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_34_18]

15. Musher-Eizenman D, Holub S. Comprehensive feeding practices questionnaire: validation of a new measure of parental feeding practices. Journal of pediatric psychology. 2007;32(8):960-72. [DOI:10.1093/jpepsy/jsm037]

16. Russell CG, Haszard JJ, Taylor RW, Heath A-LM, Taylor B, Campbell KJ. Parental feeding practices associated with children's eating and weight: What are parents of toddlers and preschool children doing? Appetite. 2018;128:120-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.appet.2018.05.145]

17. Ayubi E, Sani M, Safiri S, Khedmati Morasae E, Almasi-Hashiani A, Nazarzadeh M. Socioeconomic determinants of inequality in smoking stages: a distributive analysis on a sample of male high school students. American journal of men's health. 2017;11(4):1162-8. [DOI:10.1177/1557988315585822]

18. Chalasani S. Understanding wealth-based inequalities in child health in India: a decomposition approach. Social science & medicine. 2012;75(12):2160-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.08.012]

19. Saraf-Bank S, Haghighatdoost F, Esmaillzadeh A, Larijani B, Azadbakht L. Adherence to Healthy Eating Index-2010 is inversely associated with metabolic syndrome and its features among Iranian adult women. European journal of clinical nutrition. 2017;71(3):425-30. [DOI:10.1038/ejcn.2016.173]

20. Ministry_of_Health_and_Education_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran. First level health services (in persian). 1395.

21. Quah PL, Ng JC, Fries LR, Chan MJ, Aris IM, Lee YS, et al. Longitudinal analysis between maternal feeding practices and body mass index (BMI): A study in Asian Singaporean preschoolers. Frontiers in nutrition. 2019;6:32. [DOI:10.3389/fnut.2019.00032]

22. Gubbels JS, Gerards SM, Kremers SP. The association of parenting practices with toddlers' dietary intake and BMI, and the moderating role of general parenting and child temperament. Public Health Nutrition. 2020;23(14):2521-9. [DOI:10.1017/S136898002000021X]

23. Clark HR, Goyder E, Bissell P, Blank L, Peters J. How do parents' child-feeding behaviours influence child weight? Implications for childhood obesity policy. Journal of public health. 2007;29(2):132-41. [DOI:10.1093/pubmed/fdm012]

24. Quah PL, Syuhada G, Fries LR, Chan MJ, Lim HX, Toh JY, et al. Maternal feeding practices in relation to dietary intakes and BMI in 5 year-olds in a multi-ethnic Asian population. PloS one. 2018;13(9):e0203045. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0203045]

25. Jansen E, Mulkens S, Emond Y, Jansen A. From the Garden of Eden to the land of plenty: Restriction of fruit and sweets intake leads to increased fruit and sweets consumption in children. Appetite. 2008;51(3):570-5. [DOI:10.1016/j.appet.2008.04.012]

26. Ogden J, Reynolds R, Smith A. Expanding the concept of parental control: a role for overt and covert control in children's snacking behaviour? Appetite. 2006;47(1):100-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.appet.2006.03.330]

27. Gholamalizadeh M, Entezari MH, Paknahad Z, Hassanzadeh A, Doaei S. The study of association between mother weight efficacy life-style with feeding practices, food groups intake and body mass index in children aged 3-6 years. International journal of preventive medicine. 2014;5(1):21. [DOI:10.29252/jnkums.6.2.381]

28. Gregory JE, Paxton SJ, Brozovic AM. Maternal feeding practices, child eating behaviour and body mass index in preschool-aged children: a prospective analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2010;7(1):1-10. [DOI:10.1186/1479-5868-7-55]

29. Gemmill AW, Worotniuk T, Holt CJ, Skouteris H, Milgrom J. Maternal psychological factors and controlled child feeding practices in relation to child body mass index. Childhood obesity. 2013;9(4):326-37. [DOI:10.1089/chi.2012.0135]

30. Webber L, Cooke L, Hill C, Wardle J. Child adiposity and maternal feeding practices: a longitudinal analysis. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2010;92(6):1423-8. [DOI:10.3945/ajcn.2010.30112]

31. Jansen PW, Tharner A, Van Der Ende J, Wake M, Raat H, Hofman A, et al. Feeding practices and child weight: is the association bidirectional in preschool children? The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2014;100(5):1329-36. [DOI:10.3945/ajcn.114.088922]

32. Yee AZ, Lwin MO, Ho SS. The influence of parental practices on child promotive and preventive food consumption behaviors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2017;14(1):1-14. [DOI:10.1186/s12966-017-0501-3]

33. Taylor MB, Emley E, Pratt M, Musher-Eizenman DR. Structure-based feeding strategies: A key component of child nutrition. Appetite. 2017;114:47-54. [DOI:10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.023]

34. Lazaar N, Aucouturier J, Ratel S, Rance M, Meyer M, Duché P. Effect of physical activity intervention on body composition in young children: influence of body mass index status and gender. Acta Paediatrica. 2007;96(9):1321-5. [DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00426.x]

35. Pimpin L, Jebb S, Johnson L, Wardle J, Ambrosini GL. Dietary protein intake is associated with body mass index and weight up to 5 y of age in a prospective cohort of twins, 2. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2016;103(2):389-97. [DOI:10.3945/ajcn.115.118612]

36. Mrdjenovic G, Levitsky DA. Children eat what they are served: the imprecise regulation of energy intake. Appetite. 2005;44(3):273-82. [DOI:10.1016/j.appet.2005.01.005]